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Enderun School: How Topkapı Trained Its Palace Pages

Walk the Third Court of Topkapı room by room: who lived in each chamber, what they learned and where leaving the palace could lead.

ByAbdullah Habib
19 min read Updated: October 20, 2026
Summarize with:
Illustration: a drawn plan of the Third Court of Topkapı Palace on vellum, with a red route from the gate to a room and seven gold seals
Illustration: the Third Court drawn as a plan. The red line is a page’s walk from the gate.

Enderun was the part of Topkapı Palace where the Ottoman state trained its own administrators and officers. Boys taken into state service lived around the Third Court in seven rooms, learned languages, religion and weapons, did the palace’s work and left for posts in the army and the government. The plan below walks you through the rooms.

The short version

Seven rooms, one court,
and only a few reached the last.

  • What it was: the palace training ground for the empire’s administrators and officers, around Topkapı’s Third Court. The TDV encyclopaedia calls it less a school than a course and an apprenticeship.
  • Who: boys taken into state service, mainly through the devşirme levy and from war captives, after years of preparation elsewhere.
  • Rooms: seven: Küçük Oda, Büyük Oda, Doğancı, Seferli, Kiler, Hazine, Has Oda. They were founded at different times and some were removed.
  • Leaving: çıkma sent young men out of the palace at every level, mostly into military units. Only the exceptional finished the whole course.
  • End: the hiring of iç oğlanı formally ended in 1833 and the units that remained closed in 1908.

The Court Plan

Walk a page’s route through the Third Court

Tap a seal or use the arrows. The red line walks from the gate to that room, and its card says who lived there, what they learned, how many they were and where they went when they left. Move the ruler to see which rooms stood at each date.

BâbüssaâdeGate of FelicityArz OdasıEnderun KütüphanesiAhmed III LibraryHaremEnderun Meydanıthe Enderun courtFâtih Köşkütreasury sectionHas OdaPrivy ChamberKüçük OdaSmall ChamberBüyük OdaGreat Chamber1267
3Doğancı Koğuşu4Seferli Koğuşu5Kiler Odası

Move through time

  1. 1451–81 Mehmed II reigns. The Kiler, Hazine and Has Oda are founded under him (TDV), and the Doğancı ward as well (TÜBİTAK). The Seferli ward does not exist yet.
  2. 1635 Murad IV creates the Seferli ward during the Revan campaign (TDV; TÜBİTAK). All seven rooms now stand.
  3. 1675 The Doğancı ward is removed (TÜBİTAK; TDV says under Mehmed IV). TDV also states that the Küçük and Büyük Oda were removed in 1675.
  4. 1908 The units that remained are closed (TÜBİTAK); the Türk Maarif Ansiklopedisi also gives 1908 as the year Enderun left the stage. Mahmud II had already let the silâhdar post lapse in 1831 and ended the hiring of iç oğlanı in 1833 (TDV).

Standing at this date, or no source dates its startNot founded yet, or already removed

  1. 1

    Küçük OdaSmall Chamber

    Drawing of a folding wooden reading stand with an open illuminated manuscript, a reed pen, an inkwell and loose sheets
    Lessons began with books and the pen.
    Where
    On the left as you step through the Bâbüssaâde (TDV Enderun).
    Who and when
    Young men of about fifteen who had graduated from the preparatory schools with top marks (TDV Enderun). TÜBİTAK calls it the room where those chosen for the palace were first placed and given their basic education.
    What they did and learned
    Islamic religion and culture, Turkish, Arabic and Persian, and sport: wrestling, jumping, running, archery. Tutors called lala kept discipline and helped the young men (TDV Enderun).
    What they wore
    A plain robe, the dolama, which gave the young men of this room and the next their name, dolamalı (TDV İç Oğlanı).
    Dates in the sources
    TDV states that the Küçük and Büyük Oda were removed in 1675.
    How many young men

    about 60 · 16th century · TÜBİTAK

    up to 180 · 17th century · TÜBİTAK

    TDV gives the room an establishment of 60, and 258 for both chambers together in the 17th century.

    Çıkma: leavingYoung men who could not go on left from the middle rooms by çıkma into military units (TDV Enderun); TÜBİTAK names the kapıkulu sipahi and cavalry units and, sometimes, the müteferrika, a senior group inside the palace.

  2. 2

    Büyük OdaGreat Chamber

    Drawing of a painted composite bow, a turquoise quiver case with arrows and two crossed javelins
    Archery and the javelin filled the body’s side of the day.
    Where
    On the right as you step through the Bâbüssaâde (TDV Enderun).
    Who and when
    The other room of the first stage, which also took graduates of the preparatory schools (TDV Enderun). TÜBİTAK adds that the Seferli ward was first made up of boys from the two rooms, mostly the Büyük Oda, and later took its members from it.
    What they did and learned
    The same first-stage lessons as the Küçük Oda (TDV Enderun). For Enderun as a whole TÜBİTAK adds riding, the javelin, the sword and the spear.
    What they wore
    The same dolama: these two rooms were the dolamalı (TDV İç Oğlanı).
    Dates in the sources
    TDV states that the Küçük and Büyük Oda were removed in 1675.
    How many young men

    100 · establishment · no date given · TDV

    TÜBİTAK gives 100 to 200 for this room, undated.

    Çıkma: leavingAs from the Küçük Oda: by çıkma into military units (TDV Enderun; TÜBİTAK).

  3. 3

    Doğancı KoğuşuFalconers’ ward

    Drawing of a padded falconer’s perch, a plumed leather falcon hood, an empty leather glove with bells and a feathered lure
    A hood, a glove, a lure and a perch: the falconer’s kit.
    Where
    In the wards around the Third Court (TDV Topkapı Sarayı; TÜBİTAK).
    Who and when
    The third stage (TDV Enderun). Its young men looked after and trained the palace’s hunting birds, and each was known by the bird in his care: çakırcı, doğancı, şahinci, atmacacı (TÜBİTAK).
    What they did and learned
    They hunted with the sultan. Their head, the doğancıbaşı, ranked among the palace’s respected arz ağaları (TÜBİTAK).
    What they wore
    A kaftan: from this ward upward the young men were kaftanlı (TDV İç Oğlanı; TÜBİTAK).
    Dates in the sources
    Founded under Mehmed II (TÜBİTAK); removed in 1675 (TÜBİTAK), or under Mehmed IV (TDV).
    How many young men

    about 40 · no date given · TDV

    TÜBİTAK gives between 10 and 40.

    Çıkma: leavingBy çıkma into military units, as the TDV describes for the rooms of the middle stages.

  4. 4

    Seferli KoğuşuCampaign ward

    Drawing of a pear-shaped lute leaning on a stool, with folded striped linen towels, a copper washing bowl and a bar of soap
    Linen and a lute: the ward began with laundry and became a school of the arts.
    Where
    In the wards around the Third Court (TDV Topkapı Sarayı; TÜBİTAK).
    Who and when
    Created in 1635 by Murad IV during the Revan campaign (TDV; TÜBİTAK), from boys of the Küçük and, above all, the Büyük Oda (TÜBİTAK). At first it washed and kept the linen of the whole Enderun household (TDV).
    What they did and learned
    Its work later shifted to the arts: its young men were trained as musicians, singers, archers, wrestlers, barbers and more, and many musicians and poets came out of it (TDV Enderun; İç Oğlanı).
    What they wore
    A kaftan: kaftanlı (TDV İç Oğlanı).
    Dates in the sources
    Created in 1635 (TDV; TÜBİTAK).
    How many young men

    about 100 · no date given · TDV, TÜBİTAK

    Çıkma: leavingBy çıkma into the sipahi units (TDV).

  5. 5

    Kiler OdasıPantry chamber

    Drawing of a candlestick with a lit candle, a lidded porcelain storage jar, a copper tray with a round loaf, and a bowl of dried apricots and figs
    Bread, dried fruit, candles and a sealed jar: the pantry’s stores.
    Where
    In the wards around the Third Court (TDV Topkapı Sarayı; TÜBİTAK).
    Who and when
    Founded under Mehmed II; its head was the serkilârî-i hâssa, chief of the sultan’s pantry (TDV Enderun). When a place fell empty a young man from the Seferli or the Büyük Oda moved here (TÜBİTAK).
    What they did and learned
    They served the sultan’s table and prepared and stored bread, meat, fruit, sweets and sherbet for the sultan and the Harem, and supplied the candles of the palace rooms and mosques (TDV Enderun). The ward had its own towel-master, pickle-maker, fruit-keeper, tray-bearer and candle-maker (TÜBİTAK).
    What they wore
    A kaftan: kaftanlı (TDV İç Oğlanı).
    Dates in the sources
    Founded under Mehmed II (TDV).
    How many young men

    about 30 · 16th century · TÜBİTAK

    over 100 · 17th century · TÜBİTAK

    TDV gives about 30, undated.

    Çıkma: leavingInto the kapıkulu cavalry (TDV).

  6. 6

    Hazine OdasıTreasury chamber

    Drawing of a domed wooden casket bound in gold with pearls showing, an ornate iron key with a tassel, a jewelled aigrette on a stand and a folded silk robe
    A casket and its key, a jewelled aigrette and folded robes.
    Where
    Upper right of the court, in the treasury section TDV calls the Fâtih Köşkü (TDV Topkapı Sarayı).
    Who and when
    Founded by Mehmed II. Its heads were the hazinedarbaşı and the hazine kethüdası. The first was among the palace’s most influential officials and head of the court craftsmen, the ehl-i hiref, about 2,000 of them (TDV Enderun). The room was filled from the Kiler or Seferli (TÜBİTAK).
    What they did and learned
    They guarded the Enderun treasury and the palace’s jewellery and valuables: jewelled aigrettes, valuable kaftans, belts, buckles and ornaments (TDV; TÜBİTAK). The chief never left the sultan’s side in peace or war (TDV).
    What they wore
    A kaftan: kaftanlı (TDV İç Oğlanı).
    Dates in the sources
    Founded under Mehmed II (TDV).
    How many young men

    up to 150 · at times · TDV

    Çıkma: leavingInto the kapıkulu cavalry, the müteferrika or the post of çaşnigîr, the sultan’s taster (TDV).

  7. 7

    Has OdaPrivy Chamber

    Drawing of a long-necked rose-water flask, a pierced brass incense burner with a curl of smoke, an open box of aloeswood chips and a folded embroidered cloth
    Rose water and aloeswood, as used on the kandil nights.
    Where
    Upper left of the court: a stone building with four domes, leaning on the Harem (TDV Topkapı Sarayı).
    Who and when
    The last stage, founded by Mehmed II. Its four best-known officers were the has odabaşı, the silâhdar (sword-bearer), the çuhadar and the rikâbdar; Mehmed II’s law gave only the has odabaşı the right to appear before the sultan (TDV Enderun).
    What they did and learned
    They cleaned the Hırka-i Saâdet apartment, kept its objects, burned aloeswood and sprinkled rose water on the holy kandil nights and guarded the sacred relics. The sultan’s muezzin, secret scribe, turban-keeper and coffee-maker came from this room (TDV Enderun).
    What they wore
    A kaftan; the room’s senior officers wore a red velvet cap with a gold-worked front (TÜBİTAK).
    Dates in the sources
    Founded under Mehmed II (TDV).
    How many young men

    32 · under Mehmed II · TÜBİTAK

    about 40 · later · TÜBİTAK; TDV

    Çıkma: leavingBy seniority into important posts (TDV).

Plan after the descriptions in TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Topkapı Sarayı, Bâbüssaâde, Enderun); schematic, not to scale. Checked 20.10.2026.

How a boy got in and where the others went

Nobody applied to Enderun. Its people were mostly boys taken under the devşirme, the levy of boys from Christian families, and war captives. The sons of vassal princes and local leaders could also be brought in, and Bosnian Muslim boys taken under the same system generally went straight to Enderun (TÜBİTAK).

A levy, not an application

The boys were taken from their families. Once inside Enderun they were not allowed to leave the palace or to meet them (TÜBİTAK).

The road in

From a household to the court

Four stages, each with a door out. Tap a door to see where the boys who did not go on were sent.

  1. 1

    Chosenby travelling teams

    Teams set up for the task looked over each candidate’s body and character, and the families that would take a boy in also had to meet conditions (TDV Enderun). Suitable boys of eight to twenty could be levied (TDV Devşirme).

    Who stayed out

    For the Acemi Ocağı the law did not take orphans, only sons, shepherds’ and herders’ sons, boys who already spoke Turkish or craftsmen’s sons (TDV Acemi Oğlanı).

  2. 2

    A Turkish householdTürk’e verme

    Boys from Christian families first lived with Muslim Turkish families. There they learned Turkish, the basics of Islam and manners (TDV Enderun), working the land for at least three and at most eight years, unpaid but clothed by the state (TDV Acemi Oğlanı).

    Where the others went

    In Istanbul the boys were sorted: the handsome for the palace, the sturdy for the gardeners’ corps (Bostancı Ocağı) and the rest to Turkish families. Those who finished with a family were handed to the Acemi Ocağı and put on the white börk, and janissaries, gunners and cavalrymen came from the acemi oğlanı (TDV Acemi Oğlanı).

  3. 3

    The preparatory palacesEdirne, Galata, İbrahim Paşa

    The cleverest, strongest and best-built boys were set aside for the palace and sent to three palaces. They had Turkish-Islamic schooling, manners, weapons drill, riding and crafts by talent (TDV İç Oğlanı). Galata Palace was built under Bayezid II and İbrahim Paşa’s palace under Süleyman by his grand vizier (TDV Galata Sarayı).

    Çıkma every few years

    As needed, every three or seven years, the most able were taken to Topkapı and the others mostly joined the kapıkulu cavalry (TDV İç Oğlanı). TÜBİTAK adds a second selection before the court.

  4. 4

    The courtthe first two rooms

    The chosen walked through the Bâbüssaâde and began in the Küçük or Büyük Oda, at about fifteen (TDV Enderun). From here on, leaving was by çıkma from each room.

    Room by room

    Each room had its own exits: see the plan above.

Boys from Bosnia are the exception TDV records. After Mehmed II’s conquest the Bosnians, who had accepted Islam, asked that their sons be taken. These boys, the Poturoğulları, were not placed with Turkish families but taken directly into Enderun and the gardeners’ corps (TDV Acemi Oğlanı).

What the court put on a cap and a robe told your room

In Enderun clothes were a rank. The state paid for them, and the young men drew a wage every three months (TDV İç Oğlanı). Pick a garment.

The white börk, a cap: boys handed to the Acemi Ocağı put it on and became acemi oğlanı, “novice boys” (TDV Acemi Oğlanı).
The dolama, a plain robe that TÜBİTAK calls a simple kaftan, with the gold-embroidered cap shaped like a sikke that Enderun young men wore. The Küçük and Büyük Oda were the dolamalı (TDV İç Oğlanı; TÜBİTAK).
From the Doğancı ward upward the young men were kaftanlı (TDV İç Oğlanı). The upper rooms wore valuable kaftans of çatma velvet (TÜBİTAK); by season TDV lists broadcloth, satin, watered silk and Indian cotton.
A red velvet cap with a gold-worked front, worn by the has odabaşı, silâhdar, rikâbdar, çuhadar and two other aghas. TÜBİTAK also mentions small daggers set with precious stones among the senior members.

A day under rules lessons, drill and silence

The day ran by the prayers, and the rules reached into every habit. Pick a moment.

Pick a moment of the day

The day began an hour before the morning prayer. The young men got up, washed and began their religious lessons (TÜBİTAK).

After the prayer each young man did the work he was assigned, and the day’s lessons followed: Turkish, the Qur’an, the catechism and the Hadith, then literature, grammar, poetry, rhetoric, history, geography, arithmetic, languages and calligraphy. The talented took music and craft lessons from teachers brought in from outside. The body was trained too: riding, javelin, wrestling, the sword, the spear and archery (TÜBİTAK).

After the afternoon prayer there was free time, for games such as tomak (TÜBİTAK).

The five daily prayers were said together, behind the imam of the room. On Thursday evenings, after the night prayer, prayers for religion and for the state were said in the rooms (TDV İç Oğlanı).

The gate
The Bâbüssaâde, the gate of the Third Court, stayed shut between the morning prayer and the night prayer, and in those hours the young men did not go even to the Second Court (TÜBİTAK).
Manners
At table, in speech, in sitting and rising and in sleep a young man had to behave with care. Small faults brought small punishments, and those who did not keep the rules were removed at once (TÜBİTAK).
Punishments
TDV names the main ones: the falaka, a beating on the soles of the feet, enforced sleeplessness and withheld meals. The aghas were especially strict.
Beds and meals
The sleeping quarters were wards, with an agha’s bed among every eight or ten young men. Rice and meat were staples, and the young men were neither allowed to overeat nor left hungry (TDV Enderun).
With the sultan
When the sultan went to a garden kiosk, on campaign or hunting, some of the young men went with him (TÜBİTAK).
Sickness
A small hospital for Enderun stood on the right of the First Court’s entrance. A sick boy was moved there at once so that the others would not catch his illness (TÜBİTAK).
The palace as classroom
Governors, judges, envoys and viziers passed through Topkapı for centuries, and the young men watched government and diplomacy at work (TDV Enderun).

Westerners delight in a well-trained horse or dog, the Habsburg envoy Busbecq wrote around the middle of the 16th century; the Turks, in a well-trained man (TDV Enderun).

Çıkma the door out of the court

Çıkma, “going out”, was the engine of the system. A young man posted out of the palace did not come back to his old place (TÜBİTAK). TÜBİTAK says çıkma came usually every two or three years as the lower rooms filled, and when a new sultan took the throne; TDV İç Oğlanı says every three or seven years, as needed. Those who left became cavalrymen of the kapıkulu units, members of the müteferrika or office-holders, according to their room (TDV; TÜBİTAK).

A few rose very far. Sokollu Mehmed Paşa, later grand vizier, moved through the court posts in this order (TDV Sokullu Mehmed Paşa).

  1. Küçük OdaAfter his years in the Edirne palace he was taken into Enderun and served first in the Küçük Oda.
  2. The inner treasuryFrom there he moved to the inner treasury, the iç hazine.
  3. Three Has Oda officesHe became rikâbdar, then çuhadar, then silâhdar.
  4. Two senior postsThen çaşnigîrbaşı, chief of the sultan’s tasters, and büyük kapıcıbaşı.

The rules could be broken from above. TDV notes that sultans sometimes promoted outside them, and gives as its example Süleyman making his has odabaşı İbrahim grand vizier. TÜBİTAK lists other statesmen trained in Enderun: Lütfi Paşa, Rüstem Paşa, Piyale Paşa, Kılıç Ali Paşa and Damad İbrahim Paşa. Two historians left detailed accounts of palace and Enderun life, Hızır İlyas and Tayyarzâde Atâ Bey, and Atâ Bey’s work gives the names, and in places the lives, of scholars, poets, statesmen and soldiers trained there (TDV Enderun).

Four things people get wrong

Myth 1

“Enderun was a school, like a medrese”

Fact

TDV calls it “more a course and an apprenticeship, where skills, arts and political and administrative knowledge were taught by doing”. Its aim was administrators and officers, and it ran inside the palace beside the real business of government.

Myth 2

“Seven grades, and every boy climbed all seven”

Fact

There were fixed rules for moving up, but rooms were founded and removed (the Seferli in 1635, others by 1675), and young men left by çıkma at every level. TDV says only the exceptionally successful finished the course.

Myth 3

“Every Enderun boy became a grand vizier”

Fact

Many left for cavalry units and other posts. A grand vizier from the palace was possible, as Sokollu Mehmed Paşa shows, and TDV’s own example, İbrahim, was promoted outside the normal order.

Myth 4

“A free scholarship for gifted children”

Fact

The boys were taken, not admitted: through the devşirme levy and from captives, away from their families. Inside, they could not leave the palace or meet them (TÜBİTAK).

Why it faded and when it ended

Enderun kept its influence into the early 1800s. Then the dates begin to close in.

17th century
Favouritism let in people who did not meet the conditions, the system did not keep up with new needs, and the great power of the kapıkulu soldiers shook the discipline and the quality of teaching (TDV Enderun).
Early 1800s
Men from the Western-style schools began to have a say in government (TDV Enderun).
1831
After abolishing the Janissaries, Mahmud II set up an Enderun nazırlığı, a superintendency, in 1831 (TÜBİTAK). On 18 October 1831, when the silâhdar died, he made no new appointment and ended the post (TDV Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun).
1833
He created the Mâbeyin Müşirliği and changed the room order of Enderun completely (TDV Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun). The hiring of iç oğlanı formally ended (TDV İç Oğlanı).
1856
The sultans moved to Dolmabahçe Palace, in use as a residence from 1856 (Milli Saraylar).
1908
The units that remained of Enderun were closed (TÜBİTAK).
1924
On 3 April 1924 Topkapı Palace became a museum (Milli Saraylar).

Seeing the court today

You enter the Third Court through the Bâbüssaâde, the double gate where new sultans were enthroned and where, on feast days, a throne was set out to receive greetings (TDV Bâbüssaâde). Straight ahead stands the Arz Odası, the audience chamber. Behind it is the Ahmed III Library, also called the Enderun Library: it was begun on 17 February 1719 on the site of Selim II’s neglected kiosk and opened on 23 November 1719 (TDV Ahmed III Kütüphanesi). The Has Oda building came to be known mostly as the Hırka-i Saâdet apartment after Selim I brought the sacred relics to the palace (TDV Topkapı Sarayı). Ticket, pass and opening data for Topkapı are on the Topkapı Palace museum page.

Quick answers

What was Enderun?

The palace training ground at Topkapı for the Ottoman state’s administrators and officers, from the 15th century to the early 1900s (TDV Enderun; TÜBİTAK).

How many rooms did it have?

Seven by the TDV count: Küçük Oda, Büyük Oda, Doğancı, Seferli, Kiler, Hazine and Has Oda. They did not all stand at once: the Seferli was created in 1635 and some were removed by 1675.

Who was taken in?

Boys of the devşirme levy and war captives, chosen after preparation, and in some cases sons of vassal princes and local leaders (TÜBİTAK).

How long did the training last?

There was no single term. The household stage lasted three to eight years (TDV Acemi Oğlanı), and in the court a young man stayed until he was promoted or posted out by çıkma.

What does çıkma mean?

“Going out”: a posting out of the palace or out of a room, to a cavalry unit, the müteferrika or an office. A young man who left did not return to his old place (TÜBİTAK).

When did Enderun close?

The units that remained were closed in 1908 (TÜBİTAK). The hiring of iç oğlanı had formally ended in 1833 (TDV İç Oğlanı).

Sources

Open the source list
  1. Enderun — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Mehmet İpşirli, 1995, checked 20.10.2026
  2. Topkapı Sarayı — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Zeynep Tarım Ertuğ, 2012, checked 20.10.2026
  3. Bâbüssaâde — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Semavi Eyice, 1991, checked 20.10.2026
  4. İç oğlanı — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ahmet Şimşirgil, 2000, checked 20.10.2026
  5. Acemi oğlanı — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Müctebâ İlgürel, 1988, checked 20.10.2026
  6. Galata Sarayı — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Mehmet İpşirli, 1996, checked 20.10.2026
  7. Devşirme — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Abdülkadir Özcan, 1994, checked 20.10.2026
  8. Ahmed III Kütüphanesi — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Semavi Eyice, 1989, checked 20.10.2026
  9. Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ali Akyıldız, 2003, checked 20.10.2026
  10. Sokullu Mehmed Paşa — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Erhan Afyoncu, 2009, checked 20.10.2026
  11. Hızır İlyas — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Feridun Emecen, 1998, checked 20.10.2026
  12. Enderun — TÜBİTAK Bilim ve Teknik Ansiklopedisi, Zeynep Tarım, checked 20.10.2026
  13. Enderun — Türk Maarif Ansiklopedisi, checked 20.10.2026
  14. Topkapı Palace — Milli Saraylar, checked 20.10.2026
  15. Dolmabahçe Palace — Milli Saraylar, checked 20.10.2026
The Ahmed III Library, a grey marble building with a lead-covered dome in the Third Court of Topkapı Palace
The Ahmed III Library, also called the Enderun Library: begun 17 February 1719, opened 23 November 1719 (TDV).

Article Information

Written by: Abdullah Habib
Published: March 8, 2023
Category: History

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