Wheat in Turkey: Where It Grows, Kinds and Prices
How much wheat Türkiye grows and where, bread and durum kinds, what TMO pays a farmer, and how it reaches the table as flour, bulgur and pasta.
Table of Contents
Türkiye harvested 17.95 million tonnes of wheat in 2025, 13.7 % less than in 2024, and Konya province grew the most, 8.5 % of the crop. TMO, the state grain board, pays 16,500 lira a tonne for the second group of the 2026 harvest. In 2025/26, 66.9 % of the wheat Türkiye sold abroad left as flour and pasta.
In short · checked 26.10.2026
Türkiye harvested 17.95 million tonnes in 2025, 13.7 % less than a year before.
- The year before, 2024, it was 20.8 million t. TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, the national statistics office) measures the harvest; drought and heat marked 2025.
- Two kinds are bought apart: ekmeklik (bread wheat) and makarnalık (durum wheat; the word means «for pasta»).
- TMO pays 14,750 to 16,750 TL a tonne for the 2026 harvest. TMO (Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi) is the state grain board; 16,500 TL is the second-group price. TL is the Turkish lira.
- Most wheat leaves as flour and pasta. In 2025/26 flour was 41.8 % and pasta 25.1 % of the wheat Türkiye sold abroad, counted as wheat; grain was 13.3 %. Its wheat grain imports came 87.8 % from Russia.
- 173.3 kg of wheat a person a year was used as food in 2024/25.
Tool · calculated from published rates
From field to table, in one picture
Tap a notch on the rope for the size of a field, then a harvest, a kind of wheat and what the mill makes. Each stop shows what comes out: tonnes of grain, their value at TMO’s price, tonnes of flour, pasta or bulgur, and how many people’s wheat for a year that is.
100 dönüm, 2024 harvest, 296 kg per dönüm = 29.6 t of bread wheat (ekmeklik) · TMO price 2024/25 (second group), 9.25 TL per kg = 273,800 TL · 21.3 t of flour at TEPGE’s rate (÷ 1.389) · a year’s wheat for 171 people at 173.3 kg each (2024/25)
TEPGE counts 1 t of flour as 1.389 t of wheat, so 100 kg of wheat ≈ 72 kg of flour.
The picture shows relative size, not area to scale. Yields are national averages for each harvest, not one farm’s; prices are TMO’s purchase prices for the marketing year in which that harvest was sold; the lira value leaves out support payments. Flour, pasta and bulgur follow the rates TEPGE (the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s agricultural economics institute) uses to turn trade into wheat. Checked 26.10.2026.
| Harvest | Marketing year | Yield, kg per dönüm | TMO price, bread wheat, TL per kg | TMO price, durum, TL per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 2023/24 | 322 | 8.25 | 9.00 |
| 2024 | 2024/25 | 296 | 9.25 | 10.00 |
| 2025 | 2025/26 | 251 | 13.50 | 13.50 |
Yields: TÜİK national averages (2025 about 251), TEPGE report no. 431 · prices: TMO purchase prices, second group in 2023/24 and 2024/25 · report · checked 26.10.2026.
Three lines for the farm gate
Dönümde kaç kilo buğday alıyorsunuz?
dur-noom-deh kahch kee-loh boo-dahy ah-luh-yohr-soo-nooz
How many kilos of wheat do you get per dönüm?
Ekmeklik mi, makarnalık mı?
ehk-mehk-leek mee, mah-kahr-nah-luhk muh
Bread wheat or durum?
Hangi ilin buğdayı?
hahn-gee ee-leen boo-dah-yuh
Which province’s wheat?
How much wheat Türkiye grows
TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, the national statistics office) measures the harvest. A tonne (t) is 1,000 kilograms. A dekar (da) is 1,000 square metres, a tenth of a hectare (ha); people say dönüm for the same area, and the dönüm converter has the older local sizes. The yield is the kilograms harvested from one dekar.
A marketing year (pazarlama yılı) is the 12 months in which a harvest is sold, June to May for wheat. The 2024 harvest, sold from June 2024 to May 2025, is the 2024/25 marketing year. Harvests here are named by year; prices and trade follow the marketing year.
Wheat harvest, 2025 · TÜİK figures
17.95 million t on about 7.1 million ha.
That is 13.7 % less than the 20.8 million t of 2024. The yield fell from 296 to about 251 kg per dekar. TEPGE (the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s agricultural economics institute) ties the fall to drought, high temperatures and other poor weather.
| Harvest | Area (million dekar) | Yield (kg per dekar) | Harvest (million t) | Against the largest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 69.2 | 296 | 20.5 | |
| 2021 | 67.4 | 262 | 17.65 | |
| 2022 | 66.3 | 298 | 19.75 | |
| 2023 | 68.3 | 322 | 22.0 | |
| 2024 | 70.2 | 296 | 20.8 | |
| 2025 | about 71 | about 251 | 17.95 |
TÜİK figures, TEPGE report no. 431 and the Ministry’s crop bulletin of 30.12.2025 · report · bulletin · checked 26.10.2026.
Wheat is grown on every continent. USDA, the United States Department of Agriculture, puts the 2024/25 world harvest at 799.3 million t. Türkiye had 3.3 % of the world’s wheat area, was the tenth producer and the ninth exporter.
| Producer, 2024/25 | Million t | Against China |
|---|---|---|
| China | 140.1 | |
| European Union | 121.1 | |
| India | 113.3 | |
| Russia | 81.6 | |
| United States | 53.9 | |
| Canada | 35.9 | |
| Australia | 34.1 | |
| Pakistan | 31.4 | |
| Ukraine | 23.4 | |
| Türkiye | 19.0 |
USDA figures for 2024/25 (TEPGE report no. 431). USDA puts Türkiye’s 2024 crop at 19.0 million t; TÜİK, used everywhere else, at 20.8 million t · checked 26.10.2026 · report.
Where it grows: the ten top provinces
A province (il) is the main administrative region of Türkiye. Ten provinces grew 44.2 % of the 2025 wheat harvest, and Konya grew 8.5 %. The atlas in Agriculture in Turkey maps the other major crops.
Share of the 2025 wheat harvest
- 1Konya8.5 %
- 2Şanlıurfa8.0 %
- 3Ankara4.7 %
- 4Diyarbakır4.1 %
- 5Mardin3.8 %
- 6Tekirdağ3.7 %
- 7Sivas3.2 %
- 8Edirne2.8 %
- 9Yozgat2.8 %
- 10Eskişehir2.6 %
Share of Türkiye’s wheat production, TÜİK figures in TEPGE’s July 2026 wheat market report · checked 26.10.2026 · report
Two kinds: ekmeklik and makarnalık
Türkiye grows, buys and sells wheat in two main kinds. Ekmeklik (ehk-mehk-leek) buğday is bread wheat: ekmek is bread and -lik means «for». Makarnalık (mah-kahr-nah-luhk) buğday is durum wheat, «for pasta» (makarna). TMO sets a separate price for each.
Which kind?
- The word
- Ekmeklik buğday: wheat for bread flour (ekmek is bread).
- Colour
- TMO sorts bread wheat as beyaz (white) or kırmızı (red) by the colour that dominates, whatever the variety.
- How much
- Wheat that is not durum was 81.0 % of the wheat area in 2024/25, and 16.4 million t of the 20.8 million t harvest.
- The word
- Makarnalık buğday: wheat for pasta (makarna). The Ministry’s 2017 bulgur rule allows durum among the wheats bulgur is made from.
- How much
- About 13 million dekar in 2024/25, 19.0 % of the wheat area, and 4.4 million t of the harvest.
- Sold abroad
- About 2.1 million t of durum wheat was exported in 2024/25.
TÜİK figures, TEPGE report no. 431 · report · TMO 2026 rules sheet · checked 26.10.2026.
| Harvest | Durum wheat (million t) | Against 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 4.0 | |
| 2021 | 3.15 | |
| 2022 | 3.75 | |
| 2023 | 4.3 | |
| 2024 | 4.4 |
An old local wheat: siyez
Siyez (see-yehz) is einkorn, Triticum monococcum. The Ministry’s 2017 bulgur rule names it among the wheats bulgur may be made from. In Kastamonu province two siyez varieties were registered in 2021, after six years of work.
Three words
- Siyez (see-yehz) is einkorn, Triticum monococcum.
- Çeşit tescili (cheh-sheet tehs-jee-lee) is variety registration: a variety enters the list under its own name after trials.
- Mergüze and Ata Siyez (mehr-goo-zeh, ah-tah see-yehz) are the two varieties registered in 2021.
Kastamonu Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, news of 27.04.2021 · checked 26.10.2026 · news page
- 2016Five bodies sign a cooperation protocol: the Kastamonu directorate, Kastamonu University, the Kastamonu chamber of commerce and industry, the Ankara field crops central research institute and the İhsangazi district office.
- 2016 harvestSiyez ears are picked from the fields of 50 farmers: İhsangazi 40, Seydiler 5, Kastamonu centre 4, Devrekâni 1.
- 2016 to 2021The ears are sown every year in İhsangazi and on the institute’s trial plots in Ankara, and watched in the field.
- 15.04.2021After six years, two varieties are registered: Mergüze and Ata Siyez.
What TMO pays for wheat
TMO (Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi, the state grain board) buys wheat from farmers at prices it announces in advance, and sells wheat to mills and traders. The aim, in TEPGE’s words, is to support the producer and keep the supply secure. The prices come out in early June, before the harvest is sold: 6 June in 2023 and 2024, and June in 2026.
| Marketing year | Bread wheat, TL per kg | Durum wheat, TL per kg | Bread wheat against 2026/27 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023/24 | 8.25 | 9.00 | |
| 2024/25 | 9.25 | 10.00 | |
| 2025/26 | 13.50 | 13.50 | |
| 2026/27 | 16.50 | 16.50 |
TMO purchase prices by marketing year (TEPGE report no. 431); second group in 2023/24, 2024/25 and 2026/27 · 2023 news · 2024 news · 2026 price sheet · checked 26.10.2026.
The 2026 price depends on a group. A scale (barem) sets group 1, 2 or 3 for each delivery from what a sample shows; grain under group 3 that is still within the buying limits is bought as low-quality (düşük vasıflı).
Which kind, 2026 harvest?
- Group 1
- 16,750 TL a tonne · test weight 78 kg per hl and over · protein 13.0 % and over
- Group 2
- 16,500 TL · 76.0 to 77.9 · 12.0 to 12.9 %
- Group 3
- 15,750 TL · 73.0 to 75.9 · 10.5 to 11.9 %
- Low-quality
- 14,750 TL
- Group 1
- 16,750 TL a tonne · test weight 78 kg per hl and over · protein 13.5 % and over
- Group 2
- 16,500 TL · 76.0 to 77.9 · 12.5 to 13.4 %
- Group 3
- 15,750 TL · 74.0 to 75.9 · 11.5 to 12.4 %
- Low-quality
- 14,750 TL
TMO 2026 price sheet and scale · prices · scale · checked 26.10.2026.
- Hektolitre (test weight)
- The weight of 100 litres of grain in kilograms; plump, heavy grain weighs more. «hl» is hectolitre.
- Protein
- The share of protein in the grain, in per cent, measured with an instrument at the silo.
- Other checks
- The scale also sets limits for sprouted grain and damage from the süne and kımıl bugs, for mealy grains (dönmeli tane) in durum and for grain of the other colour in bread wheat. Moisture up to 14 % does not set the group.
- ÇKS
- Çiftçi Kayıt Sistemi, the Ministry’s farmer registry. TMO buys from a registered farmer up to the quantity registered for that crop.
- Randevu
- (rahn-deh-voo) is an appointment, booked online before delivery.
- Be the ownerOnly the owner delivers the grain, or a person with a notary-approved power of attorney (vekâlet).
- Book a randevuThe farmer accepts a pledge that the grain is this year’s crop and not imported; old-crop or imported grain is not bought, and a farmer caught selling it can be stopped from selling to TMO for two years.
- A sample from every truckThe sample is analysed and the protein is measured once. Bread wheat is stored as red or white by the colour that dominates.
- Up to the registered quantityThe last truck is bought whole. There is no purchase on Sundays.
- UnloadingA truck without a working tipper (damper) pays 150 TL a tonne plus VAT; a tipping truck pays nothing.
TMO 2026 purchase rules · sheet · checked 26.10.2026.
TMO also sells
- From 5 October 2026 TMO offers 5.5 million t of bread and durum wheat for sale.
- Bread wheat group 2 is 18,500 TL a tonne and group 3 is 17,750; low-quality grain is 16,750. White and red cost the same. All prices are without VAT.
- Durum wheat the same three prices: group 2, group 3 and low-quality.
- Closed stores add 150 TL a tonne for handling.
- Sale prices are the ones TMO set at harvest, with no change or increase.
TMO sale list valid from 05.10.2026 and news of 02.10.2026 · checked 26.10.2026 · price list
- Basic support, 2026
- 403 TL per dekar. Support for 2025 to 2027 was announced before sowing, by a Presidential decision of 29.08.2024.
- Certified seed
- 173.60 TL per dekar. Certified seed is seed that passed the Ministry’s control; 640,829 t of certified wheat seed was produced in 2025, 12 % more than the 570,537 t of 2024.
- Sold through a licensed warehouse
- A lisanslı depo is a licensed grain warehouse. A seller through one pays no 2 % tax withheld at payment (stopaj) and no 2 % social-security (SGK) premium. The Ministry of Trade pays 75 % of the warehouse rent for up to six months.
- A loan on the crop
- Up to 75 % of the crop’s value as a nine-month loan with no interest, from Ziraat Bank and the Tarım Kredi cooperatives.
TEPGE report no. 431 and TEPGE’s July 2026 wheat market report; the Ministry’s seed bulletin of 16.02.2026 · report · bulletin · checked 26.10.2026.
Selling and buying abroad
An export is wheat or a wheat product Türkiye sells to another country; an import is what it buys. To compare flour, pasta and grain, every product is converted into the wheat it holds, the wheat equivalent, with TEPGE’s rates from the tool: 1 t of flour is 1.389 t of wheat.
Inward processing (dahilde işleme rejimi, DİR) is a customs regime: an exporter may bring in the raw material, auxiliary material and packaging for an export product without customs duty where the input is not available at home at the price or quality needed. TEPGE ties the imports mostly to the raw-material needs of the processing industry, and the exports to flour, pasta and other processed wheat.
| Marketing year | Exports (million t, as wheat) | Imports (million t, as wheat) |
|---|---|---|
| 2023/24 | 12.57 | 9.41 |
| 2024/25 | 8.29 | 3.73 |
| 2025/26 | 7.46 | 6.72 |
Wheat equivalent, TÜİK figures, TEPGE report no. 431 · report · Trade Ministry: inward processing · checked 26.10.2026.
In 2025/26 Türkiye sold 7.46 million t of wheat abroad, counted as wheat. Flour and pasta were two thirds of it.
| Product | Share of exports, 2025/26 |
|---|---|
| Flour | 41.8 % |
| Pasta | 25.1 % |
| Grain | 13.3 % |
| Bulgur and semolina | 7.8 % |
| Biscuits | 7.3 % |
| Starch | 4.7 % |
Shares of wheat-equivalent exports, TEPGE report no. 431 · report · checked 26.10.2026.
Who buys depends on the product. These are shares of the product weight sold in 2025/26.
Which product?
- Iraq
- 22.7 %
- Syria
- 12.6 %
- Somalia
- 6.5 %
- Ghana
- 5.7 %
- United States
- 4.5 %
- Total
- 6.03 million t
- Syria
- 29.3 %
- Iraq
- 9.1 %
- Somalia
- 8.5 %
- Ghana
- 7.9 %
- Cuba
- 5.5 %
- Total
- 2.24 million t
- Somalia
- 13.4 %
- Ghana
- 10.7 %
- Iraq
- 8.3 %
- Togo
- 6.0 %
- Niger
- 5.0 %
- Total
- 1.52 million t
- United States
- 39.4 %
- Iraq
- 10.7 %
- United Kingdom
- 5.5 %
- Yemen
- 4.6 %
- Côte d’Ivoire
- 4.4 %
- Total
- 0.52 million t
- Iraq
- 80.4 %
- Italy
- 7.8 %
- Syria
- 3.6 %
- Algeria
- 2.8 %
- Libya
- 2.5 %
- Total
- 0.99 million t
TÜİK figures, TEPGE report no. 431: the five largest buyers of each product · report · checked 26.10.2026.
Wheat grain also comes in. In 2025/26 Russia supplied 87.8 % of Türkiye’s wheat grain imports.
| Supplier of wheat grain, 2025/26 | Share |
|---|---|
| Russia | 87.8 % |
| Ukraine | 3.1 % |
| Canada | 2.3 % |
| Bulgaria | 1.4 % |
| All others | 5.3 % |
TÜİK figures, TEPGE report no. 431 · report · checked 26.10.2026.
From wheat to the plate
A çiftçi (cheeft-chee) is a farmer, a değirmenci (deh-eer-mehn-jee) a miller; the miller’s değirmen (deh-eer-mehn) is the mill. The mill grinds wheat into un (oon), flour. Most of the 2024 harvest went into food.
- Food
- 14.85 million t of the 2024 harvest, about 173.3 kg of wheat per person in 2024/25.
- Seed
- 1.26 million t, kept to sow the next crop.
- Feed
- 2.17 million t for animals.
- Losses
- 0.56 million t in use, and 1.144 million t lost before use.
- Self-sufficiency
- 104.3 %: the harvest left after the losses, 19.66 million t, was 4.3 % more than the 18.85 million t Türkiye used at home.
TÜİK balance for 2024/25, TEPGE report no. 431 · report · checked 26.10.2026.
TEPGE’s rates give how much of each product 100 kg of wheat makes (100 divided by the rate).
| Product | kg from 100 kg of wheat | Of 100 kg |
|---|---|---|
| Flour | 72 | |
| Pasta | 59.5 | |
| Bulgur and semolina | 86 to 90 | |
| Biscuits | about 94 |
TEPGE’s wheat-equivalent rates (1.389, 1.682, 1.111 to 1.163, 1.068), divided into 100 kg; TEPGE cites a 1998 paper for them · report · checked 26.10.2026.
Bulgur
- Bulgur (bool-goor) is wheat that is cleaned, cooked, dried and, when wanted, hulled and cracked.
- Pilavlık (pee-lahv-luhk) is bulgur for pilav, in four grain sizes.
- Köftelik (kurf-teh-leek) is bulgur for köfte, in two sizes; labels may say kısırlık or çiğköftelik.
- The label must name the wheat (durum, white bread wheat, red bread wheat or kaplıca wheat), and esmer (brown) bulgur is made from red bread wheat. No additives, colourings or aroma are allowed.
The Ministry’s 2017 bulgur rule · checked 26.10.2026 · rule
- Yufka
- (yoof-kah) is thin flat bread. In Isparta, 1 kg of flour, water and salt make yufka for 10 to 12 people. The dough is cut into palm-sized balls, rolled thin and round with an oklava (a long rolling pin) on a board, and baked on a sac, a domed griddle.
- Ekmek
- (ehk-mehk) is bread; simit (see-meet) is a ring of bread coated in sesame seeds.
- Irmik
- (uhr-muhk) is semolina and makarna (mah-kahr-nah) is pasta.
Isparta Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate, Kültür Portalı «Yufka Ekmek» · page · checked 26.10.2026.
Word · narh
Narh (nahrh) was the highest price the state fixed for goods and services. Bread was priced by costing the flour in it, and the bread price was set again after threshing, when the new wheat was bought. After 1856 narh entries stopped in the court registers, and in the years after that everything but bread was freed.
Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, «Narh» · checked 26.10.2026 · page. Current bread and flour prices: Food Prices in Turkey.
At the market and the bakery: what to say
These six lines are for a baker, a pazar (weekly open-air market) stall or a grocer. A guide to the markets of Istanbul covers the stalls.
Six lines for the counter
Bir ekmek, lütfen.
bihr ehk-mehk, loot-fen
One loaf of bread, please.
Bir simit, lütfen.
bihr see-meet, loot-fen
One simit, please.
Yufka var mı?
yoof-kah vahr muh
Do you have yufka?
Bir kilo un, lütfen.
bihr kee-loh oon, loot-fen
One kilo of flour, please.
Köftelik mi, pilavlık mı?
kurf-teh-leek mee, pee-lahv-luhk muh
Fine bulgur (köftelik) or coarse bulgur (pilavlık)?
Kilosu kaç lira?
kee-loh-soo kahch lee-rah
How many lira is a kilo?
More guides: Tomatoes in Turkey, Turkish Hazelnuts, Turkish Cheese Guide, Ottoman Dishes in Turkey.
Sources and limits
Show the pages checked
- Buğday Durum Tahmin Raporu 2026, TEPGE publication no. 431 (July 2026) — Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, TEPGE, checked 26.10.2026
- Buğday Tarım Ürünleri Piyasaları Raporu, Temmuz 2026 — Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, TEPGE, checked 26.10.2026
- Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri, 2025 (bulletin no. 045, 30.12.2025) — Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, checked 26.10.2026
- Tohum Üretim Miktarları, 2025 (bulletin no. 052, 16.02.2026) — Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, checked 26.10.2026
- 2026 Dönemi TMO Hububat Alım Fiyatları — TMO, checked 26.10.2026
- 2026 Dönemi Alım Baremi — TMO, checked 26.10.2026
- 2026 Dönemi Hububat Alım Esasları ve Barem Uygulamaları — TMO, checked 26.10.2026
- Satış fiyat listesi, valid from 05.10.2026 — TMO, checked 26.10.2026
- News of 02.10.2026: 5.5 million t of wheat offered for sale — TMO, checked 26.10.2026
- 2024 Dönemi Hububat Alım Fiyat ve Politikaları (06.06.2024) — TMO, checked 26.10.2026
- 2023 Dönemi Hububat Alım Fiyat ve Politikaları (06.06.2023) — TMO, checked 26.10.2026
- Siyez Buğdayı «Mergüze» ve «Ata Siyez» Adında Tescillendi (27.04.2021) — Kastamonu Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, checked 26.10.2026
- Bulgur Tebliği (2016/49) — Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, checked 26.10.2026
- Dahilde İşleme Rejimi Nedir? — Ministry of Trade, checked 26.10.2026
- Yufka Ekmek, Isparta — Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Kültür Portalı, checked 26.10.2026
- Narh — Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, checked 26.10.2026
Photos are from Wikimedia Commons, each with its author, date, licence and file page in the caption. The field-to-table picture is a drawing, not a photo.
The text is general information about wheat in Türkiye. TMO’s prices are the 2026 announcement; TMO’s own pages have the current prices. Wheat equivalent is a calculation with fixed rates, not a weighed amount.
